CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus 2025-26

Are you preparing for the CBSE Class 12 Computer Science exam for the 2025-26 session? A clear understanding of the syllabus is essential to plan your studies effectively and excel in the subject. This year’s syllabus covers three major areas: Computational Thinking and Programming, Computer Networks, and Database Management.

In Python programming, students will dive deeper into functions, file handling, data structures like stacks, and exception handling. Computer Networks introduces important concepts such as network devices, topologies, protocols, and web services. Meanwhile, Database Management focuses on relational databases, SQL queries, and integrating Python with databases.

The exam consists of 70 marks for theory and 30 marks for practicals, ensuring a balance between conceptual understanding and hands-on application. Practical assessments will test students’ coding skills, file handling, and database management using Python.

With a well-structured syllabus, CBSE aims to equip students with real-world problem-solving abilities and strong computational thinking skills. Staying updated with the syllabus and practising consistently will help you score well. In the coming posts, we will break down important topics, marking schemes, and study strategies to help you prepare effectively. Stay tuned!

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CBSE Computer Science Syllabus Class 12 2025-26

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Computer Science Syllabus Class 12 2026: Course Structure

The Class 12 Computer Science syllabus is designed to help students develop problem-solving skills, logical thinking, and a deep understanding of programming concepts. It focuses on practical applications, coding, and data management. Here’s a simplified breakdown of the syllabus:

Theory

Unit 1: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2

• Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI.
• Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user-defined functions), creating user-defined functions, arguments and parameters, default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, the scope of a variable (global scope, local scope)
• Exception Handling: Introduction, handling exceptions using try-except-finally blocks
• Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute paths
• Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using write() and writelines(), reading from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text file
• Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write/create, search, append and update operations in a binary file
• CSV file: import csv module, open/close csv file, write into a csv file using writer(),writerow(),writerows() and read from a csv file using reader()
• Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using list.

Unit 2: Computer Networks

• Evolution of Networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
• Data communication terminologies: the concept of communication, components of data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring the capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching)
• Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves)
• Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card)
• Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)
• Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP
• Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URLs, websites, web browsers, web servers, web hosting

Unit 3: Database Management

• Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and their need
• Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, importants (candidate important, primary important, alternate important, foreign important)
• Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary important), create a database, use the database, show databases, drop the database, show tables, create a table, describe the table, alter table (add and remove an attribute, add and remove primary important), drop table, insert, delete, select, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, and distinct clauses, where clause, in, between, order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command, aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: cartesian product on two tables, equi-join and natural join 
• Interface of Python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using connect(), cursor(), execute(), commit(), fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating database connectivity applications, use of %s format specifier or format() to perform queries

Practical

Python Programming

• Read a text file line by line and display each word separated by a #.
• Read a text file and display the number of vowels/consonants/uppercase/lowercase characters in the file.
• Remove all the lines that contain the character 'a' in a file and write it to another file.
• Create a binary file with the name and roll number. Search for a given roll number and display the name, if not found display the appropriate message.
• Create a binary file with roll number, name and marks. Input a roll number and update the marks.
• Write a random number generator that generates random numbers between 1 and 6 (simulates a dice).
• Write a Python program to implement a stack using the list.
• Create a CSV file by entering user-id and password, and read and search for the password for the given userid.

Database Management

• Create a student table and insert data. Implement the following SQL commands on the student table:
  
  • ALTER table to add new attributes / modify data type/drop attribute
  • UPDATE table to modify data
  • ORDER By to display data in ascending/descending order
  • DELETE to remove tuple(s)
  • GROUP BY and find the min, max, sum, count and average
• Similar exercises may be framed for other cases.
• Integrate SQL with Python by importing suitable modules.

Project Work

The class project aims to create something tangible and useful using Python file handling/ Python-SQL connectivity. This should be done in groups of two to three students and should be started by students at least 6 months before the submission deadline. The aim here is to find a real-world problem that is worthwhile to solve.

Students are encouraged to visit local businesses and ask them about the problems that they are facing. For example, if a business is finding it hard to create invoices for filing GST claims, then students can do a project that takes the raw data (list of transactions), groups the transactions by category, accounts for the GST tax rates, and creates invoices in the appropriate format. Students can be extremely creative here.

They can use a wide variety of Python libraries to create user-friendly applications such as games, software for their school, software for their disabled fellow students, and mobile applications. Of course, to do some of these projects, some additional learning is required; this should be encouraged. Students should know how to teach themselves. The students should be sensitised to avoid plagiarism and violations of copyright issues while working on projects. Teachers should take the necessary measures for this.

CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus: Importance

The Class 12 Computer Science syllabus plays a crucial role in developing logical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and technical skills. It prepares students for higher studies in fields like Computer Science, Data Science, and Artificial Intelligence. Here’s why it is important:

Strengthens Programming Skills

• The syllabus focuses on Python, a widely used programming language in software development, data science, and artificial intelligence.
• Students learn functions, file handling, and data structures, which are essential for coding and software development.

Develops Logical & Analytical Thinking

• Writing programs and debugging errors enhance problem-solving skills.
  
  
• Concepts like data structures and algorithms help in developing an analytical approach, beneficial for competitive exams and future studies.

Introduces Database & Data Management

• Learning SQL and Pandas (Python library) equips students with skills in database handling and data analysis.
• These skills are in high demand in IT, finance, and research fields.

Builds a Strong Foundation for Computer Networks

• Understanding computer networks, internet protocols, and cyber security is essential in today’s digital world.
• Helps students grasp networking concepts useful for careers in cybersecurity and cloud computing.

Encourages Ethical Use of Technology

• The syllabus includes topics on cyber ethics, privacy, intellectual property rights, and IT laws.
• This ensures that students become responsible digital citizens, aware of online risks and legal aspects.

Enhances Career & Higher Education Prospects

• Students with a strong foundation in Computer Science have better career opportunities in software development, AI, data analytics, and networking.
• Prepares them for courses like B.Tech (CS/IT), BCA, Data Science, and AI.

Practical Learning & Real-World Applications

• Hands-on programming, database management, and project work improve practical knowledge.
• Encourages creativity and innovation through real-world problem-solving projects.

How to Prepare Using CBSE Computer Science Syllabus Class 12 2025-26

Preparing for Class 12 Computer Science requires a strategic approach to mastering programming, database management, and theoretical concepts. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you study effectively:

Understand the Syllabus Thoroughly

• Go through the official syllabus to know the topics covered.
  Focus on key areas like Python programming, SQL, computer networks, and cyber ethics.
• Make a study plan to allocate time to each section.

Strengthen Your Python Programming Skills

• Revise the basics of Python from Class 11, including loops, functions, and data types.
• Practise writing programs on file handling, stacks, and queues.
• Solve coding problems daily to improve logical thinking and debugging skills.

Master SQL and Data Handling

• Learn SQL commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and JOIN.
• Work with real datasets using the Pandas library in Python.
• Practise creating and managing databases to develop hands-on experience.

Understand Computer Networks Clearly

• Study networking concepts like LAN, WAN, topologies, and protocols.
• Learn about cybersecurity threats and protection measures.
• Make notes of key terms and try to relate them to real-world applications.

Focus on Theory & Cyber Ethics

• Read about digital footprints, intellectual property rights, and IT laws.
• Understand ethical issues related to technology, such as plagiarism and hacking.
• Prepare short notes to revise key ethical principles.

Practise with Sample Papers & Previous Year Questions

• Solve previous years' board exam papers to understand question patterns.
• Attempt sample papers under timed conditions to improve speed and accuracy.
• Analyse mistakes and revise weak areas.

Work on Practical & Project Work

• Complete all practical assignments and maintain a well-organised practical file.
• Choose a project topic related to Python and SQL that interests you.
• Test and debug your project thoroughly before submission.

Revise Regularly & Stay Consistent

• Set aside time daily for revision and problem-solving.
• Use flashcards or mind maps for quick revision of theoretical concepts.
• Join study groups or online forums to discuss doubts and share knowledge.

By following these steps and staying consistent, you can effectively prepare for your Class 12 Computer Science exam and build a strong foundation for future studies in technology.

Study Plan Using Computer Science Syllabus Class 12

A well-structured study plan helps you cover the syllabus efficiently while allowing time for practice and revision. Follow this weekly plan to prepare effectively for your Class 12 Computer Science exam.

Week 1 & 2: Python Programming

• Day 1-3: Revise Class 11 Python basics (loops, functions, data types).
• Day 4-7: Learn and practise file handling (text, binary, CSV files).
• Day 8-10: Work on user-defined functions and exception handling.
• Day 11-14: Implement stacks and queues using lists.

Tip: Write and run Python programs daily to strengthen coding skills.

Week 3: SQL & Data Management

• Day 15-16: Understand database concepts (tables, keys, relationships).
• Day 17-18: Practise SQL queries (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
• Day 19-21: Learn advanced queries (GROUP BY, JOIN, aggregate functions).

Tip: Use online SQL compilers or software like MySQL for hands-on practice.

Week 4: Computer Networks

• Day 22-23: Study networking basics (LAN, WAN, protocols, topologies).
• Day 24-25: Understand web technologies (HTTP, FTP, DNS).
• Day 26-28: Learn cybersecurity concepts (firewalls, malware, phishing).

Tip: Create summary notes with diagrams for quick revision.

Week 5: Cyber Ethics & Legal Aspects

• Day 29-30: Read about digital footprints, plagiarism, and cyber laws.
• Day 31-32: Study intellectual property rights and IT policies.

Tip: Discuss real-life case studies to understand ethical issues better.

Week 6: Practical Work & Project Development

• Day 33-35: Revise Python programs and work on practical files.
• Day 36-38: Practise SQL queries and database management.
• Day 39-42: Start and complete your Computer Science project.

Tip: Choose a simple project using Python and SQL to apply your knowledge.

Week 7 & 8: Revision & Mock Tests

• Day 43-45: Revise Python concepts and solve coding problems.
• Day 46-48: Practise SQL queries and network-based questions.
• Day 49-50: Review cyber ethics and IT laws.
• Day 51-56: Solve previous years’ papers and take mock tests.

Tip: Analyse mistakes and focus on weak areas for final revision.

Final Week: Quick Recap & Confidence Boost

• Revise important topics using short notes and flashcards.
• Practise sample questions daily.
• Stay calm, focus on time management, and get enough rest before the exam.

Class 12 Computer Science is an essential subject that builds a strong foundation in programming, database management, networking, and the ethical aspects of technology. A well-structured study plan, regular practice, and consistent revision are key to mastering the syllabus. By focusing on Python programming, SQL, computer networks, and cyber laws, students can develop critical problem-solving skills and prepare for future careers in technology. Staying organised, solving past papers, and working on practical projects will boost confidence and enhance overall performance. With dedication and the right approach, success in Computer Science is achievable.