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(i) On the basis of the news items above, find out the names of places and the seasons described.
(ii) Compare the rainfall description of Chennai and Mumbai and explain the reasons for the difference.
(iii) Evaluate a flood as a disaster with the help of a case study.
(i) Name of places and the seasons described as per the given news.
Chennai: rainy season
Kashmir, winter season
Amritsar, winter season
Mumbai: rainy season
Shimla: rainy season
Delhi, summer season
Srinagar, winter season
(ii)The Adyar River released much of the fury in Chennai. The depth and width of the Chembarambakkam reservoir shrank when the water was released into the river. It shrank due to trespassing and rapid urbanization. The water was discharred into the neighbourhoods along the banks.
Mithi, the thick, slush-filled, stench-emanating river in Mumbai, used to be a river that flowed out into the Arabian Sea. The river streches to the Mahim creek in the western part from the eastern suburb's Powai Lake. Just like the Adhyar River, Mithi was too lined with enroahcments.
Almost 90-100% of the rainwater in both Mumbai and Chennai is draining off into the stormwater drains. It used to get absorbed into the ground due to the massive road concretisation and unplanned construction.
(iii) Gorakhpur Floods, 2000
One of the main districts of east Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur lies in the north-eastern corner of the state and comprises a large stretch of country lying to the north of the river Ghaghra, also called Saryu. The main causal factor for the floods in Gorakhpm-district lies in the excessive rainfall during the rnonsoon season (June to September). . Excessive rainfall in the upper reaches of the rivers Rapti and Ghagra resulted in a sudden rise in the water level of these rivers, as a result of which the whole district of Gorakhpur was affected.
The Rapti rose to a height of about 77 meters above sea level near Sahjanwa, while the Rohin at the Chillua Tal bridge rose even higher. As the water level of the Rapti rose rapidly, extraordinary efforts were required to prevent the water sweeping over Azamgarh Road and flowing back into the city. Not withstanding the enormous area covered by the floods, the loss of lives was relatively few. The grazing grounds were under water for a long time, and there was widespread loss of fodder to overcome, which some of the reserved forest blocks were thrown open to free grazing.
The overall impact of the floods of the monsoon season 2000 was felt in the whole district of Gorakhpur and the surroundings. However, the chronically affected areas like Laxmipur Phasenda, Brajmangani, Jangal Kauriha, Pipraich, Khara War, Sahjanwa, Bansgaon, and Gola LJhawa were heavily affected. Rest of the areas like Nautanwa, Dhani, Caimpeyar Gaon, Pali, Chargawan, Bhathat, Brahmp~ir, Khajani, Kaur-jram, and Belaghat also suffered, but to a lesser extent.
At the final stage, when the flood has subsided and water has started receding, rehabilitation and reconstruction have to be planned and executed while continuing relief support to the worst affected people. This is done on the basis of the reports from revenue officers and the reports of special field surveys.